Concept of Time and Tense

Concept of Time and Tense

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାରାଂଶ: ଏହି ବିଭାଗ ସମୟ ଏବଂ Tense ର ମୌଳିକ ଧାରଣା ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରେ। ସମୟ ଏକ ନିରନ୍ତର ପ୍ରବାହ, କିନ୍ତୁ Tense ହେଉଛି କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ଏକ ରୂପ ଯାହା ସମୟକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ।

1. Concept of Time (ସମୟର ଧାରଣା)

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାରାଂଶ: ସମୟ ନିରନ୍ତର ଏବଂ ଅସୀମ। ଆମେ ଏହାକୁ ଅତୀତ, ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏବଂ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିଛୁ।

Time is a continuous (ନିରନ୍ତର) and unending (ଅସୀମ) flow. For our convenience, we divide it broadly into three periods: the Past, the Present, and the Future.

• The Past (ଅତୀତ): The period of time that has gone by, before 'now'.
• The Present (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ): The period of time that is with us 'now'.
• The Future (ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ): The period of time that is yet to come, after 'now'.

We can represent these on a straight line for clarity:

We express time in terms of year, month, day, hour, etc. [[1]]

2. Concept of Tense (Tense ର ଧାରଣା)

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାରାଂଶ: Tense ହେଉଛି କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ଏକ ରୂପ ଯାହା ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସମୟକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ। ଏହା ସମୟ ଠାରୁ ଭିନ୍ନ।

Tense is a verb form (କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ରୂପ) specific to a language and is used to express a time. It should not be confused with the concept of time itself. English verbs have only two tenses: the Present Tense and the Past Tense. [[1]]

Main verbs like 'do', 'go', 'take' are used independently in forms like 'do/does', 'did'; 'go/goes', 'went'; 'take/takes', 'took' to denote actions, events, or states of the present time and past time. [[1]]

3. Expressions of Future Time (ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟର ପ୍ରକାଶ)

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାରାଂଶ: ଇଂରାଜୀରେ କୌଣସି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ 'ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ Tense' ନାହିଁ। ଭବିଷ୍ୟତର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଏ।

There is no specific single-word verb form to express future time actions, events, or states in English. Therefore, it is said that there is no future tense in English. Various expressions are used to denote future time actions or states, including: [[1]], [[3]]

• Modals (ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା): shall, will (e.g., We shall leave for Puri tomorrow.) [[1]]
• be going to (e.g., We are going to leave for Puri tomorrow.) [[4]]
• Present Progressive (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ପ୍ରଗତିଶୀଳ): (e.g., We are leaving for Puri tomorrow.) [[4]]
• Present Simple (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସରଳ): (e.g., We leave for Puri tomorrow.) [[4]]
• be about to (e.g., We are about to start.) [[3]]
• will be v-ing (e.g., We will be leaving for Puri tomorrow.) [[3]], [[4]]

Example:

• Sentence: Tina will arrive here soon. [[4]]
• Analysis: The time of the verb 'will arrive' is Future Time, but the tense is Present (because 'will' is a modal auxiliary in present tense form). [[4]]

4. Tense and Aspect (Tense ଏବଂ Aspect)

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାରାଂଶ: Tense (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଓ ଅତୀତ) ସହିତ Aspect (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ସ୍ଥିତି) ମିଶି କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ।

English verbs have two tense forms: Present and Past. Depending on whether the action of the verb is complete or continuing, we have different aspects (ଆସ୍ପେକ୍ଟ). These aspects combine with the tenses: [[2]]

• Simple (ସରଳ): Neither perfect nor progressive.
• Progressive (ପ୍ରଗତିଶୀଳ): Action is continuing.
• Perfect (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ): Action is complete relative to a point in time.
• Perfect Progressive (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପ୍ରଗତିଶୀଳ): Action started in the past and is still continuing or just finished.

These eight combinations (Present Simple, Present Progressive, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Progressive, Past Simple, Past Progressive, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Progressive) allow us to speak of actions in all three phases of time: present time, past time, and future time. [[2]]

5. Uses of Present Simple Tense (Present Simple Tense ର ବ୍ୟବହାର)

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ସାରାଂଶ: Present Simple Tense ଅଭ୍ୟାସ, ସତ୍ୟ, ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଅବସ୍ଥା, ଧାରାବିବରଣୀ ଏବଂ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

The Present Simple Tense is commonly used for: [[3]], [[8]]

• Habitual actions (ଅଭ୍ୟାସଗତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ): Things we do again and again. (e.g., I go to school everyday.) [[3]]
• General and scientific truths (ସାଧାରଣ ଓ ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ସତ୍ୟ): (e.g., The sun rises in the east. Water boils at $100^\circ C$.) [[8]]
• Present or permanent states/facts (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କିମ୍ବା ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଅବସ୍ଥା/ତଥ୍ୟ): (e.g., Bhubaneswar is the capital of Odisha.) [[8]]
• Running commentaries (ଧାରାବିବରଣୀ): Actions taking place at the moment of speaking. (e.g., Rakesh kicks the ball to Ramesh.) [[8]]
• Future time actions/events (ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ/ଘଟଣା): Especially for fixed schedules or timetables. (e.g., Our Prime Minister visits Pakistan tomorrow.) [[8]]