Introduction to Adjectives (ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ପରିଚୟ)
ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଯାହା ଏକ ନାମ (noun) କିମ୍ବା ସର୍ବନାମ (pronoun) କୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। ଏହା ସେମାନଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧିକ ସୂଚନା ଦିଏ, ଯେପରିକି ଗୁଣ, ଆକାର, ରଙ୍ଗ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି।
You have already learned that adjectives may form part of a noun phrase. They are typically used after determiners and numbers, if any, but immediately before nouns. For example, in "my five black goats," 'black' is an adjective describing 'goats' [[2]].
Position of Adjectives (ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ର ସ୍ଥାନ)
ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦୁଇଟି ମୁଖ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ରହିପାରେ: ନାମ ପୂର୍ବରୁ (attributive) କିମ୍ବା କ୍ରିୟା ପରେ (predicative)। କିଛି ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।
Adjectives can be placed in different positions within a sentence, and their position often dictates their function or even meaning.
1. Attributive Position (ବିଶେଷଣର ଗୁଣବାଚକ ସ୍ଥାନ)
ଏହି ସ୍ଥାନରେ, ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ସିଧାସଳଖ ନାମ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆସିଥାଏ ଏବଂ ସେହି ନାମକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ।
In this position, the adjective comes before the noun it describes. This is called the attributive use of an adjective [[2]].
- Example: You have a big house. ('big' describes 'house') [[2]]
- Example: These are colourful dresses. ('colourful' describes 'dresses') [[2]]
2. Predicative Position (ବିଶେଷଣର ବିଧେୟବାଚକ ସ୍ଥାନ)
ଏହି ସ୍ଥାନରେ, ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ଏକ 'ଲିଙ୍କ୍ କ୍ରିୟା' (link verb) ପରେ ଆସିଥାଏ ଏବଂ ନାମ କିମ୍ବା ସର୍ବନାମର ଏକ ଗୁଣକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ।
In this position, the adjective comes after a verb, often a link verb (or copular verb). This is called the predicative use [[2]]. Link verbs include: be, become, seem, look, appear, get (= become), stay (= remain), feel, taste, smell, and sound [[2]].
- Example: Your house is big. ('big' describes 'house' after 'is') [[2]]
- Example: The man appears hungry. ('hungry' describes 'man' after 'appears') [[2]]
3. Adjectives with Fixed Positions (ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍)
ସବୁ ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ଉଭୟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ। କିଛି ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
While most adjectives can be used in both attributive and predicative positions, a few are typically restricted to one position [[3]].
a. Only Predicative (କେବଳ ବିଧେୟବାଚକ)
ଏହି ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେବଳ ଏକ ଲିଙ୍କ୍ କ୍ରିୟା ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, କୌଣସି ନାମ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ନୁହେଁ।
These adjectives go after a link verb but not before a noun [[3]]. Examples include: afraid, asleep, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, aware, awake, content, pleased, (un)well, (un)sure, ready, sorry, unable [[3]].
- Example: The baby is asleep. (Not: 'asleep baby') [[1]]
- Example: The child is glad. (Not: 'glad child') [[1]]
b. Only Attributive (କେବଳ ଗୁଣବାଚକ)
ଏହି ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେବଳ ଏକ ନାମ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, କୌଣସି ଲିଙ୍କ୍ କ୍ରିୟା ପରେ ନୁହେଁ।
These adjectives go before nouns but not after link verbs [[1]]. Examples include: chief, principal, only, inner, outer, upper, indoor, former, elder, existing, mere, utter, little, main [[1]].
- Example: This is the main building. (Not: 'this building is main') [[1]]
- Example: Football is an outdoor game. (Not: 'football game is outdoor') [[1]]
c. Post-Positioned Adjectives (ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଥିବା ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍)
କିଛି ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ କେତେକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଶବ୍ଦ ପରେ ଆସିଥାଏ।
Some adjectives are placed after the words they modify, especially after indefinite pronouns like something, everything, nobody, or no one [[1]].
- Example: I think that something terrible is going to happen. [[1]]
- Example: Everything necessary will be done. [[1]]
- Example: There was nobody important at the meeting. [[1]]
4. Adjectives with Different Meanings (ଭିନ୍ନ ଅର୍ଥ ଥିବା ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍)
କିଛି ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସ୍ଥାନ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଭିନ୍ନ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରନ୍ତି।
Certain adjectives can be used both before a noun or immediately after it, but their meaning changes with their position [[1]].
- Concerned:
- (a) The concerned mother rushed her baby to the doctor. (= worried mother) [[1]]
- (b) The doctor concerned told her not to worry. (= doctor attending the baby) [[1]]
- Responsible:
- (a) He is a responsible person. (= reliable and duty-bound) [[1]]
- (b) The person responsible for the delay will be punished. (= being the cause of something wrong) [[1]]
Order of Adjectives (ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ର କ୍ରମ)
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏକ ନାମ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏକାଧିକ ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ କ୍ରମରେ ରଖାଯାଏ।
When more than one adjective is used before a noun, they follow an accepted order. This order helps make the sentence clear and natural [[4]]. The general order is:
- Opinion (good, bad, nice, wonderful) [[4]], [[8]]
- Size (big, small, huge, little) [[4]], [[8]]
- Physical quality (heavy, light, hard, soft) [[8]]
- Age (old, young, new, ancient, medieval) [[4]], [[8]]
- Shape (round, oval, triangular) [[4]]
- Colour (red, green, black, white) [[4]]
- Place of origin (Indian, Chinese, African) [[4]]
- Materials (iron, wooden, stone, copper) [[4]]
- Purpose (walking, dining, cleaning) [[4]]
- Worked Example: "It is an old Indian wooden chair." (Age, Place of origin, Materials) [[4]]
- Worked Example: "I have some ancient Indian copper coins." (Age, Place of origin, Materials) [[4]]
Punctuation with Adjectives (ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ସହିତ ବିରାମଚିହ୍ନ)
ଆଡଜେକ୍ଟିଭ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର କଲାବେଳେ କମା (,) କିମ୍ବା 'and' ର ସଠିକ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର ଜାଣିବା ଜରୁରୀ।
-
Attributive Adjectives (Before a noun): We generally do not use a comma (,) or 'and' between adjectives when they follow the accepted order before a noun [[5]].
- Example: An old wooden dining table. (Not: 'an old, wooden and dining table') [[5]]
- Exception: When using two colour adjectives before a noun, we join them with 'and' [[5]].
- Example: a black and white photograph. [[5]]
- Example: a red and green jersey. [[5]]
-
Predicative Adjectives (After a link verb): When using two or more adjectives after a link verb, we put 'and' before the last adjective and a comma (,) between others [[5]].
- Example: The day was hot and tiring. [[5]]
- Example: The day was hot, humid and tiring. [[5]]