Adjective Endings and Order

Position of Adjectives (ବିଶେଷଣର ସ୍ଥାନ)

ବିଶେଷଣଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଏକ ନାମପଦ ପୂର୍ବରୁ କିମ୍ବା ଏକ link verb ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇପାରେ। ଏହି ଦୁଇଟି ମୁଖ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଆମେ ବୁଝିବା।

Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. Their position in a sentence is important. Most adjectives can be used in two main positions:

1. Attributive Position (ନାମପଦ ପୂର୍ବରୁ): The adjective comes before the noun it describes.
   • Example: "You have a big house." (Here, 'big' describes 'house' and comes before it.) [[2]]
2. Predicative Position (link verb ପରେ): The adjective comes after a link verb and describes the subject of the sentence. Link verbs connect the subject to an adjective that describes it. Common link verbs include be, become, seem, look, appear, get (= become), stay (= remain), feel, taste, smell, sound. [[2]]
   • Example: "Your house is big." (Here, 'big' describes 'house' but comes after the link verb 'is'.) [[2]]

Adjectives with Fixed Positions (ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ସ୍ଥାନ ଥିବା ବିଶେଷଣ)

କିଛି ବିଶେଷଣ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି, ଅନ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ନୁହେଁ।

Some adjectives are typically used in only one position:

• Only Predicative (link verb ପରେ): These adjectives are used after a link verb, but not before a noun.
  • Examples: afraid, asleep, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, aware, awake, content, pleased, (un)well, (un)sure, ready, sorry, unable. [[1]]
  • Correct: "The baby is asleep."
  • Incorrect: "asleep baby" [[4]]
• Only Attributive (ନାମପଦ ପୂର୍ବରୁ): These adjectives are used before a noun, but not after link verbs.
  • Examples: chief, principal, only, inner, outer, upper, indoor, former, elder, existing, mere, utter, little, main. [[4]]
  • Correct: "This is the main building."
  • Incorrect: "this building is main" [[4]]
• Post-Positioned Adjectives (ନାମପଦ ପରେ): A few adjectives come after words like something, everything, nobody, no one.
  • Examples: "something terrible," "everything necessary," "nobody important." [[4]]

Adjective Endings: -ing vs. -ed (ବିଶେଷଣର ଶେଷ: -ing ବନାମ -ed)

-ing ଏବଂ -ed ରେ ଶେଷ ହେଉଥିବା ବିଶେଷଣଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଅର୍ଥ ଭିନ୍ନ ଅଟେ। -ing କାରଣକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ ଏବଂ -ed ଅନୁଭବକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ।

Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed often describe feelings or conditions, but from different perspectives:

• -ing Adjectives: Describe the cause of a feeling or the characteristic of something. They describe the thing/person that produces the feeling. [[5]]
  • Example: "His long speech was very boring." (The speech caused boredom.) [[5]]
  • Example: "a running train" (The train is in the state of running.) [[5]]
• -ed Adjectives: Describe a feeling or the condition of a thing. They describe how a person feels or the state a thing is in. [[5]]
  • Example: "Why do you look so depressed?" (You feel depressed.) [[5]]
  • Example: "frightened baby" (The baby feels frightened.) [[5]]

Order of Multiple Adjectives (ଏକାଧିକ ବିଶେଷଣର କ୍ରମ)

ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏକ ନାମପଦ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏକାଧିକ ବିଶେଷଣ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ କ୍ରମରେ ରଖାଯାଏ।

When more than one adjective is used before a noun, they follow an accepted order. This order helps make sentences clear and natural-sounding. The general order is: [[3]], [[7]]

1. Opinion: (e.g., good, bad, ugly, nice, useful, wonderful)
2. Size: (e.g., big, small, huge, tiny, little)
3. Physical Quality: (e.g., heavy, light, hard, soft)
4. Age: (e.g., old, young, new, ancient, medieval)
5. Shape: (e.g., round, oval, triangular)
6. Colour: (e.g., red, green, black, white)
7. Place of Origin: (e.g., Indian, Chinese, African)
8. Material: (e.g., iron, wooden, stone, steel)
9. Purpose: (e.g., walking, dining, cleaning)

Example: "It is an old Indian wooden chair." (Age, Origin, Material) [[3]]

Using Commas (,) or 'and' with Adjectives (ବିଶେଷଣ ସହିତ କମା (,) କିମ୍ବା 'and' ର ବ୍ୟବହାର)

ବିଶେଷଣଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ କ୍ରମରେ ରଖିବା ସମୟରେ କମା କିମ୍ବା 'and' ର ବ୍ୟବହାର ପାଇଁ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ନିୟମ ଅଛି।

When using multiple adjectives, specific rules apply to commas and 'and': [[6]]

• Before a Noun: Generally, we do not use a comma or 'and' between adjectives that follow the accepted order.
  • Example: "an old wooden dining table." (Not: "an old, wooden and dining table.") [[6]]
  • Exception: When using two colour adjectives, we join them with 'and'.
    • Example: "a black and white photograph." [[6]]
• After a Link Verb: When two or more adjectives are used after a link verb, we put 'and' before the last adjective and a comma (,) between others.
  • Example: "The day was hot, humid and tiring." [[6]]
  • Example: "The man was tall, dark and handsome." [[6]]

Worked Example: Correct the following sentence: "I have some ancient copper Indian coins."

• Analysis: The adjectives are 'ancient' (Age), 'copper' (Material), 'Indian' (Place of Origin).
• Applying Order: Age $\rightarrow$ Place of Origin $\rightarrow$ Material.
• Correct Sentence: "I have some ancient Indian copper coins." [[3]]