Introduction to Adverbs

Introduction to Adverbs

ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଏହି ବିଭାଗରେ ଆମେ Adverbs କ'ଣ ଏବଂ ସେମାନେ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କିପରି କାମ କରନ୍ତି ତାହା ଶିଖିବା। Adverbs କ୍ରିୟା ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧିକ ସୂଚନା ଦିଅନ୍ତି।

An adverb (କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ) is a word that tells us more about a verb (କ୍ରିୟା), an adjective (ବିଶେଷଣ), or another adverb. They provide extra information about how, when, where, or how frequently an action happened. We can often identify adverbs by asking specific wh-questions related to the action in a sentence.

Identifying Adverbs

ଓଡ଼ିଆ: Adverbs କୁ ଚିହ୍ନିବା ପାଇଁ, ଆମେ 'କିପରି', 'କେବେ', 'କେଉଁଠି', କିମ୍ବା 'କେତେଥର' ଭଳି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରିପାରିବା।

Consider these questions and their answers:

1. How did he behave? $\rightarrow$ He behaved foolishly. (Manner)
2. When did you visit Konark? $\rightarrow$ I visited Konark last year. (Time)
3. Where were the children playing? $\rightarrow$ They were playing in the park. (Place)
4. How often does he come here? $\rightarrow$ He comes here occasionally. (Frequency)

In these examples, words like foolishly, last year, in the park, and occasionally are adverbs because they add information about the verbs (behaved, visited, were playing, comes).

Adverbs vs. Adjectives with Link Verbs

ଓଡ଼ିଆ: 'be', 'become', 'feel' ଭଳି କ୍ରିୟା ପରେ ଆମେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ Adjective ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ, Adverb ନୁହେଁ।

It is important to distinguish adverbs from adjectives, especially when dealing with link verbs (ଯୋଗସୂତ୍ର କ୍ରିୟା) such as be, become, feel, get, look, appear, seem. We do not normally use adverbs after these verbs. Instead, we use an adjective.

• Incorrect: He felt happily.
• Correct: He felt happy (adjective).

If a sentence contains a link verb, the answer to a wh-question will likely be an adjective, not an adverb.

Forms of Adverbs

ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଅନେକ Adverb, Adjective ଶେଷରେ '-ly' ଯୋଡ଼ି ତିଆରି ହୁଅନ୍ତି। କିନ୍ତୁ କିଛି Adverb ର କୌଣସି ବିଶେଷ ରୂପ ନଥାଏ।

Adverbs can take several forms:

• (a) No Special Form: Some adverbs do not have a specific ending. Examples include soon, always, so, perhaps, never, just, yet, often, very, too, rather, fast, hard, late, well. For instance, "This train goes fast" (fast is an adverb here, not fastly).

• (b) Adding -ly: Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. The meaning of the adverb is closely related to the adjective.

  • Adjective: quiet $\rightarrow$ Adverb: quietly (He works quietly.)
  • Adjective: slow $\rightarrow$ Adverb: slowly (He works slowly.)
  • Adjective: polite $\rightarrow$ Adverb: politely (She behaves politely.)

  However, some adjectives already end in -ly (e.g., friendly, silly, lovely). We do not add another -ly to these. Instead, we form an adverbial phrase: "in a + adjective + manner/fashion/way" (e.g., "She spoke in a friendly way").

Types of Adverbs (Introduction)

ଓଡ଼ିଆ: Adverbs କୁ ସେମାନେ ଦେଉଥିବା ସୂଚନା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ, ଯେପରିକି Manner, Time, Place ଏବଂ Frequency।

Adverbs are categorized based on the type of information they provide:

• Adverb of Manner: Tells how an action happens. (e.g., slowly, quickly, foolishly, fast)
• Adverb of Time: Tells when an action happens. (e.g., now, yesterday, soon, last year, at 10 o'clock)
• Adverb of Place: Tells where an action happens. (e.g., here, there, in the park, upstairs)
• Adverb of Frequency: Tells how often an action happens. (e.g., always, often, sometimes, never, everyday)

Adverbials

ଓଡ଼ିଆ: Adverbials ହେଉଛି ଏକାଧିକ ଶବ୍ଦର ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ଯାହା Adverb ଭଳି କାମ କରେ। ଏଥିରେ Adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, କିମ୍ବା noun phrase ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇପାରେ।

Sometimes, a group of words functions like an adverb; these are called adverbials. An adverbial can be:

• An adverb phrase: very slowly, wonderfully well
• A prepositional phrase: in the park, at home, with a knife
• A noun phrase: last Sunday, next door, this morning

For the purpose of this chapter, the term 'adverb' will often encompass these adverbial phrases as well.

Position of Adverbs

ଓଡ଼ିଆ: Adverbs ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଆଗରେ, ମଝିରେ କିମ୍ବା ଶେଷରେ ରହିପାରନ୍ତି।

Adverbs can appear in different positions within a sentence: front, middle, or end. For example, the adverb slowly:

• Front-position: Slowly I opened the door.
• Mid-position: I slowly opened the door.
• End-position: I opened the door slowly.

Different types of adverbs have preferred positions, which we will explore in more detail later.

Worked Example:

Question: Identify the adverb and its type in the sentence: "She sang beautifully on stage yesterday."

Solution:

1. beautifully:
   • Ask: How did she sing? $\rightarrow$ Beautifully.
   • This tells us the manner of singing. So, beautifully is an Adverb of Manner.
2. yesterday:
   • Ask: When did she sing? $\rightarrow$ Yesterday.
   • This tells us the time of singing. So, yesterday is an Adverb of Time.