The Predicate Phrase: Verb and Complement Patterns
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟରେ, ଆମେ Predicate Phrase ର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ଏବଂ କିପରି Verb ଗୁଡ଼ିକ Complement, Object, କିମ୍ବା Adjunct ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ତାହା ଶିଖିବା। ଏହା ଆମକୁ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବ।
The predicate phrase is the part of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject. It can be broadly categorized into two types based on the verb's nature: Intransitive and Transitive patterns.
Intransitive Patterns
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: Intransitive Verb ଗୁଡ଼ିକ Object ଗ୍ରହଣ କରନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ। ଏମାନେ କେବଳ ଏକ Verb କିମ୍ବା ଏକ Verb ସହିତ Complement କିମ୍ବା Adjunct ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ କରନ୍ତି।
Intransitive verbs (ଅକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା) do not take a direct object. Their patterns typically involve:
- S + V (Subject + Verb): This is the simplest pattern where the verb alone completes the meaning.
- Example: Wind blew. (ପବନ ବହିଲା)
- Example: Fire burns. (ନିଆଁ ଜଳୁଛି)
- S + V + C (Subject + Verb + Complement): Here, the verb is followed by a complement (ପୂରକ) which describes or renames the subject. Complements can be noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, or prepositional phrases.
- Verbs that take complements: 'Be' verbs (is, am, are, was, were) and others like
become,seem,appear,grow,look,taste,smell,feel. - Examples:
- My brother was a teacher. (N.P.) (ମୋ ଭାଇ ଜଣେ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଥିଲେ।)
- She is intelligent. (Adj. Phr.) (ସେ ବୁଦ୍ଧିମତୀ।)
- Usharani is here. (Adv. Phr.) (ଉଷାରାଣୀ ଏଠାରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି।)
- He looks tired. (ସେ କ୍ଳାନ୍ତ ଦେଖାଯାଉଛନ୍ତି।)
- This mango tastes sweet. (ଏହି ଆମ୍ବ ମିଠା ଲାଗୁଛି।)
- Verbs that take complements: 'Be' verbs (is, am, are, was, were) and others like
Transitive Patterns
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: Transitive Verb ଗୁଡ଼ିକ Object ଗ୍ରହଣ କରନ୍ତି। ଏମାନେ ଗୋଟିଏ କିମ୍ବା ଦୁଇଟି Object ସହିତ କିମ୍ବା Object ଓ Complement ସହିତ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ କରିପାରନ୍ତି।
Transitive verbs (ସକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା) take one or more objects. They often have passive forms. Common patterns include:
- S + V + O (Subject + Verb + Object): The verb is followed by a direct object (ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ କର୍ମ) which receives the action of the verb.
- Example: The baby broke the toy. (ଶିଶୁଟି ଖେଳନା ଭାଙ୍ଗିଲା।)
- Example: Swati writes poems. (ସ୍ୱାତୀ କବିତା ଲେଖେ।)
- S + V + O + O (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object): Some transitive verbs take two objects: an indirect object (ପରୋକ୍ଷ କର୍ମ) and a direct object. The indirect object usually refers to the person or thing to whom/for whom the action is performed, and it typically comes before the direct object.
- Example: Tapaswini gave him a book. (ତପସ୍ୱିନୀ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ବହି ଦେଲା।)
- Here, 'him' is the indirect object (who received the book), and 'a book' is the direct object (what was given).
- Interchanging Objects: Objects can often be interchanged using prepositions like 'to' or 'for'.
- I gave him a book. I gave a book to him.
- I bought her a frock. I bought a frock for her.
- Note: A direct object cannot be dropped from the sentence.
- Example: Tapaswini gave him a book. (ତପସ୍ୱିନୀ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ବହି ଦେଲା।)
- S + V + O + C (Subject + Verb + Object + Complement): In this pattern, the object is followed by a complement that describes or renames the object.
- Example: We call Gandhiji the Father of Nation. (ଆମେ ଗାନ୍ଧୀଜୀଙ୍କୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପିତା ବୋଲି ଡାକୁ।)
- 'Gandhiji' is the object, and 'the Father of Nation' is the complement describing Gandhiji.
- Example: The driver kept the car in the garage. (ଡ୍ରାଇଭର ଗାଡ଼ିକୁ ଗ୍ୟାରେଜରେ ରଖିଲା।)
- 'The car' is the object, and 'in the garage' is a complement describing the state/location of the car.
- Example: We call Gandhiji the Father of Nation. (ଆମେ ଗାନ୍ଧୀଜୀଙ୍କୁ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପିତା ବୋଲି ଡାକୁ।)
Adjuncts
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: Adjunct ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ସୂଚନା ଯୋଗ କରନ୍ତି। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାକ୍ୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଅଂଶ ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବାକ୍ୟରୁ ବାଦ୍ ଦିଆଯାଇପାରିବେ।
An adjunct (ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ) is an optional element that adds extra meaning (like time, place, manner) to a sentence. It can be dropped without making the sentence ungrammatical. Adjuncts can appear with both intransitive and transitive patterns.
- S + V + A (Subject + Verb + Adjunct):
- Example: The man is walking slowly. (ଲୋକଟି ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଚାଲୁଛି।) ('slowly' is an adjunct of manner)
- Example: He left just now. (ସେ ଏବେ ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି।) ('just now' is an adjunct of time)
- Position of Adjuncts: Adjuncts can often be moved within a sentence.
- He met me today. Today, he met me.
Diagram of Predicate Phrase Patterns
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ଡାଇଗ୍ରାମ Predicate Phrase ର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରକୁ ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଦର୍ଶାଉଛି।
Worked Example
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଏହି ଉଦାହରଣରେ, ଆମେ ବାକ୍ୟର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଂଶକୁ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବା।
Sentence: The driver kept the car in the garage yesterday.
Analysis:
- Subject (S): The driver
- Verb Group (VG): kept
- Object (O): the car (Direct Object)
- Complement (C): in the garage (Describes the location/state of 'the car')
- Adjunct (A): yesterday (Adds information about time, optional)
Pattern: S + VG + O + C + A